ESL Undergraduates’ Attitudes and Practices in AI-Assisted Academic Writing: A Mixed-Methods Survey

Abstract

This study explored how ESL undergraduates use and perceive artificial intelligence (AI) tools in academic writing. Using a quantitative-dominant mixed-methods cross-sectional survey design, 31 responses were collected from students at Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Kedah. To align the analysis with the study scope, 28 undergraduate responses were retained for the main analysis, while three non-target responses (two postgraduate and one diploma) were excluded. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the closed-ended items, while open-ended responses were examined thematically. The findings show that AI use was common: 60.7% of respondents reported using AI tools often, 35.7% sometimes, and 3.6% always. ChatGPT was used by all respondents (100.0%), followed by QuillBot (85.7%) and Grammarly (32.1%). Students mainly used AI for generating ideas or outlines (82.1%), correcting grammar and spelling (75.0%), and rephrasing sentences (67.9%). Perceptions were generally positive, with respondents agreeing that AI improves writing quality (M = 4.25), supports better writing skills (M = 4.18), saves time (M = 3.86), and increases confidence in writing (M = 4.07). Nevertheless, qualitative responses revealed concerns about inaccurate information, plagiarism, overdependence, and reduced critical thinking. Overall, students viewed AI as a supportive tool rather than a replacement for their own effort. The study suggests that AI can be integrated productively into ESL writing instruction when accompanied by clear ethical guidelines, disclosure practices, and AI literacy training.