Hiya and Utang Na Loob: A Phenomenological Study on the Lived Experiences of Filipino Firstborn Children

Abstract

In the Filipino family structure, firstborn children often bear the weight of heightened expectations, emotional labor, and cultural values such as hiya (shame) and utang na loob (debt of gratitude). These constructs shape familial interactions and individual behavior, yet little is known about how they are internalized and negotiated by firstborns during early adulthood. This qualitative phenomenological study explored the lived experiences of four Filipino firstborns aged 22–25 from different socioeconomic backgrounds. Through in-depth interviews and thematic analysis, the study uncovered how hiya serves as both a behavioral regulator and emotional suppressor, while utang na loob often manifests as an obligation that constrains personal agency. Participants described internalized sacrifice, emotional labor, and repressed autonomy as core elements of their experience. Findings suggest a need to re-express these cultural constructs in ways that honor family ties without compromising individual well-being. The study offers implications for culturally responsive mental health support and family education programs.