Capital Punishment in Sacred Texts: A Comparative Doctrinal Study of Islam and Christianity

Abstract

This article explores how Islam and Christianity address capital punishment within their sacred texts. While most research emphasizes legal, ethical, or social aspects, the theological and scriptural foundations remain underexamined. Using a comparative doctrinal approach, the study analyzes the Qur’an and Hadith and the Bible to examine how each tradition defines the legitimacy, purpose, and limits of the death penalty. It highlights the balance between divine justice and human imperfection, as well as tensions between retribution and restoration. The findings reveal both common themes, such as the moral function of punishment, and notable differences, particularly in the areas of mercy, forgiveness, and non-violence. By foregrounding these scriptural insights, the article deepens understanding of religious perspectives on justice and supports further comparative theological research.