An Exploration of Stakeholders Perceived Mitigation Measures for Addressing Sanitation Challenges in George Compound in Lusaka Zambia

Abstract

The study was guided by an objective which sought to explore the stakeholders perceived mitigation measures for sanitation challenges in Peri-Urban Areas in Lusaka. The researcher adopted the social constructivist ontology, knowledge was co-constructed with participants through an interpretive phenomenological approach, and reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse in-depth and key informant interviews with beneficiaries, local committees, regulatory bodies, and the Lusaka Water Supply and Sanitation Company. The sample was selected purposively and determined using data saturation, ensuring rich, contextual insights from relevant stakeholders. The study revealed that even if you employ hundred inspectors this still cannot address sanitation because, sanitation starts at the household level. sanitation services have been integrated into the Lusaka Water Supply and Sanitation Company’s (LWSC) digital customer service platforms. The sanitation platform allows households to access sanitation services more conveniently, facilitates reporting of issues, and enhances communication between service providers and beneficiaries. Furthermore, the utility company introduction of scheduled desludging has improved predictability and affordability in pit emptying services. Under this system, households register their pit latrines and make small, routine contributions, which enables service providers to plan operations efficiently and reduces the risk of full pits overflowing or being emptied unsafely. The researcher’s application of systems theory highlighted the interdependence of institutions, service providers, and communities, demonstrating that weaknesses in any component can compromise the sanitation system. The systems lens also emphasized that sustainable outcomes require integration of infrastructure, regulation, household participation, and community engagement. The study has theoretical, methodological, policy, practice, and knowledge implications. Theoretically, it corroborates systems theory by illustrating the interrelated roles of stakeholders in sustainable sanitation. Methodologically, it demonstrates the value of interpretive phenomenology in capturing lived experiences and operational nuances. For policy, the study emphasizes integrated, multi-stakeholder interventions informed by practical experiences. Practically, it highlights the need for community sensitization and engagement to ensure sustainability of sanitation innovations. Knowledge-wise, the study provides contextual evidence specific to George Compound, documenting challenges, innovations, and operational insights that can inform similar peri-urban settings. In conclusion, addressing sanitation challenges in peri-urban Lusaka requires a holistic, systems-oriented approach that integrates infrastructure, regulation, education, cultural socialization, and community participation to ensure equitable, sustainable, and effective on-site sanitation services.