Sustainable Futures through Waqf: A Review of Higher Education Practices and Pathways

Abstract

Higher education institutions (HEIs) continue to struggle with ensuring sustainable funding to support teaching, research, and community engagement. This challenge is particularly pronounced in developing countries, where universities often depend heavily on government allocations and student tuition fees, leaving them financially vulnerable. Traditional financing models are also limited, as they frequently overlook principles of sustainability and inclusivity, which are essential for broadening equitable access to education. Against this backdrop, waqf (Islamic endowment) has gained renewed attention as an alternative model of financing. Beyond preserving Islamic heritage and values, waqf is increasingly viewed as a mechanism that can strengthen long-term institutional resilience and promote sustainable futures in higher education. This study examines the contribution of waqf to sustainable development in higher education by exploring practices, models, and pathways that support institutional sustainability. Using a Scopus-based AI-assisted review method, the research combined bibliometric mapping, summary analysis, concept mapping, expert insights, and emerging theme identification. This layered approach provided a systematic understanding of how waqf is linked to sustainability practices, educational outcomes, and innovative funding strategies in HEIs. The findings show that waqf consistently emerges as a dependable instrument for financing scholarships, supporting underprivileged students, expanding institutional resources, and fostering inclusive access to higher education. A key theme is the role of waqf-driven initiatives in integrating sustainability into university curricula. Recent discussions also point to the potential of digital platforms and artificial intelligence in improving transparency, governance, and stakeholder engagement in waqf management. Overall, the results illustrate the evolving role of waqf—from a traditional charitable practice to a strategic enabler of sustainable higher education. The study not only adds to the growing body of literature on Islamic social finance but also provides practical guidance for policymakers, waqf managers, and university leaders who are exploring innovative approaches to educational sustainability.