Enhancing Cognitive Skills in Basic Electronics Using an Augmented Reality Learning Environment

Abstract

This study aimed to determine whether an Augmented Reality–based instructional module can improve students’ cognitive understanding of abstract electronic concepts. Concepts such as current flow and circuit laws often pose challenges for vocational students, as conventional 2D teaching fails to support adequate visualization. To address this issue, a purpose-built Augmented Reality learning environment, AR-ElecSim, was developed and implemented. A quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test non-equivalent control group design involving 100 students from four vocational colleges was used. The experimental group (n = 50) used the AR-ElecSim module, while the control group (n = 50) received traditional instruction. Cognitive performance was measured using the Basic Electronics Cognitive Test (BECT), a 30-item instrument validated by experts (α = .88). After controlling for pre-test scores, ANCOVA results showed a significant effect of instructional method, F(1, 97) = 152.45, p < .001, η²ₚ = .61, indicating that students using AR-ElecSim achieved higher adjusted mean scores (75.75) than the control group (55.45). The AR module effectively enhanced cognitive performance by promoting conceptual understanding and minimizing cognitive overload. This study fills a national research gap by providing empirical evidence on AR’s cognitive effects in Malaysian vocational education, highlighting its potential to strengthen analytical and application skills in Basic Electronics.